concepts
global governance
Open regionalism and closed regionalism are terms that refer to the degree of outward or inward orientation, respectively, of regional trading agreements to the multilateral trading system. This topic has received much attention in the fields of international political economy (IPE) and economics, particularly due to the sharp increase in the number of new regional organizations formed toward the late 1980s and early 1990s. [Source: Encyclopedia of Governance; Open and Closed Regionalism]
open and closed regionalism
regionalism