@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix isothes: <http://purl.org/iso25964/skos-thes#> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/data_editing>
  skos:prefLabel "data editing"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/database_versioning>
  skos:prefLabel "database versioning"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/heuristic_methods_in_spatial_analysis>
  skos:prefLabel "heuristic methods in spatial analysis"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/supervised_classification>
  skos:prefLabel "supervised classification"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/database_management_systems>
  skos:prefLabel "database management systems"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GPS>
  skos:prefLabel "GPS"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/analytical_operations_in_GIS>
  skos:prefLabel "analytical operations in GIS"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatial_data_infrastructure>
  skos:prefLabel "spatial data infrastructure"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/business_models_for_geographic_information_systems>
  skos:prefLabel "business models for geographic information systems"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_local_government>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS in local government"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/technology_and_social_networking>
  skos:prefLabel "technology and social networking"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:narrower <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_web_services>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS web services"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/usability_of_geospatial_information>
  skos:prefLabel "usability of geospatial information"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geocollaboration>
  skos:prefLabel "geocollaboration"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/metadata>
  skos:prefLabel "metadata"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/triangulated_irregular_networks>
  skos:prefLabel "triangulated irregular networks"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/factual_databases>
  skos:prefLabel "factual databases"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:narrower <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/error_propagation>
  skos:prefLabel "error propagation"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/enterprise_GIS>
  skos:prefLabel "enterprise GIS"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/digitizing>
  skos:prefLabel "digitizing"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/limits_of_computation>
  skos:prefLabel "limits of computation"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/investigation_techniques>
  skos:prefLabel "investigation techniques"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:narrower <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/information_systems>
  skos:prefLabel "information systems"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:narrower <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/unsupervised_classification>
  skos:prefLabel "unsupervised classification"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatial_dependence>
  skos:prefLabel "spatial dependence"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geocoding>
  skos:prefLabel "geocoding"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/interoperability_and_spatial_data_standards>
  skos:prefLabel "interoperability and spatial data standards"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/data_compression_methods>
  skos:prefLabel "data compression methods"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/Google_Earth>
  skos:prefLabel "Google Earth"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_software>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS software"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_implementation>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS implementation"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_archaeology>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS in archaeology"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/mobile_GIS>
  skos:prefLabel "mobile GIS"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/Open_Source_GIS>
  skos:prefLabel "Open Source GIS"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/internet_GIS>
  skos:prefLabel "internet GIS"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/digital_terrain_model>
  skos:prefLabel "digital terrain model"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/web_geoprocessing_workflows>
  skos:prefLabel "web geoprocessing workflows"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/ontological_foundations_of_geographical_data>
  skos:prefLabel "ontological foundations of geographical data"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_public_policy>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS in public policy"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/environmental_model_integration_and_GIS>
  skos:prefLabel "environmental model integration and GIS"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_water_management>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS in water management"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/virtual_and_immersive_environments>
  skos:prefLabel "virtual and immersive environments"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_disaster_response>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS in disaster response"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/conceptgroup/methods>
  a skos:Collection, isothes:ConceptGroup ;
  skos:prefLabel "methods"@en ;
  skos:member <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/conflation>
  skos:prefLabel "conflation"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/network_data_model>
  skos:prefLabel "network data model"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/representation_of_time>
  skos:prefLabel "representation of time"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/high-performance_computing>
  skos:prefLabel "high-performance computing"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/navigation_systems>
  skos:prefLabel "navigation systems"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/ground_reference_data>
  skos:prefLabel "ground reference data"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatial_data_mining>
  skos:prefLabel "spatial data mining"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatial_data_models>
  skos:prefLabel "spatial data models"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/privacy_and_security_of_geospatial_information>
  skos:prefLabel "privacy and security of geospatial information"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/information_ecology>
  skos:prefLabel "information ecology"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_utilities>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS in utilities"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/crime_information_systems>
  skos:prefLabel "crime information systems"@en ;
  a skos:Concept .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geocomputation>
  skos:prefLabel "geocomputation"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/CAD_systems>
  skos:prefLabel "CAD systems"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/policing>
  skos:prefLabel "policing"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:narrower <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/open_geodata_standards>
  skos:prefLabel "open geodata standards"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_urban_planning>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS in urban planning"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/collaborative_GIS>
  skos:prefLabel "collaborative GIS"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/data_indexing>
  skos:prefLabel "data indexing"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems>
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/measurement,_data_sources_and_coding,_and_research_methods>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/operations_and_decision_making>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/tactics>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/investigation_techniques>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/policing>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_science>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/technology_and_social_networking>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/information_systems>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/factual_databases> ;
  skos:narrower <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/data_editing>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/web_geoprocessing_workflows>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/interoperability_and_spatial_data_standards>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/data_indexing>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geospatial_semantic_web>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/privacy_and_security_of_geospatial_information>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/navigation_systems>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIScience>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_implementation>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/viewshed_analysis>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/business_models_for_geographic_information_systems>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/database_versioning>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/metadata>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatialization>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/open_geodata_standards>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatial_data_models>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/temporal_resolution>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/distributed_computing>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/network_data_model>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_land_use_management>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geocollaboration>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/digital_terrain_model>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/usability_of_geospatial_information>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/database_management_systems>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatial_decision_support_systems>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/unsupervised_classification>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/vagueness_in_spatial_data>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_urban_planning>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_environmental_management>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/topological_relationships>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/vectorization>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/temporal_GIS>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/triangulated_irregular_networks>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/analytical_operations_in_GIS>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_archaeology>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/scale_in_GIS>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatial_data_mining>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_disaster_response>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/data_querying_in_GIS>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_web_services>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/mobile_GIS>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/location-based_services>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/collaborative_GIS>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/supervised_classification>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_local_government>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_transportation>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/ground_reference_data>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/public_participation_GIS>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/web_service_architectures_for_GIS>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/enterprise_GIS>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_water_management>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/client-server_architecture>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/digitizing>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/computational_models_of_space>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_design>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/ontological_foundations_of_geographical_data>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/data_format_conversion>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/neogeography>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/multicriteria_analysis>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/critical_GIS>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/terrain_analysis>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/Open_Source_GIS>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/high-performance_computing>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/social_informatics>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/neural_computing>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/CAD_systems>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_public_policy>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geocomputation>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geocoding>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/information_ecology>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/semantic_reference_systems>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/heuristic_methods_in_spatial_analysis>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_software>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/error_propagation>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/humanistic_GIScience>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatial_data_integration>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/representation_of_time>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GPS>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/environmental_model_integration_and_GIS>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/dynamic_and_interactive_displays>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/exploratory_spatial_data_analysis>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/semantic_interoperability>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/automated_geography>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_health_research_and_health_care>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/internet_GIS>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/limits_of_computation>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/legal_aspects_of_geospatial_information>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatial_data_infrastructure>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatial_data_structures>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/Google_Earth>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/virtual_and_immersive_environments>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/network_analysis>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/conflation>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/three-dimensional_data_models>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatial_dependence>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/linear_referencing_and_dynamic_segmentation>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_utilities>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/data_compression_methods>, <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/overlay> ;
  skos:prefLabel "geographic information systems"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:related <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/crime_information_systems> ;
  skos:definition "Geographic information systems (GIS) are computer-based systems for managing, integrating, and analyzing geographic data. Geographic data are observations or measurements of objects or events referenced explicitly to their locations on the earth. [Source: <a href=\"https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/healthservices/n158.xml\" target=\"_blank\" data-id=\"to-sk\">Encyclopedia of Health Services Research; Geographic Information Systems (GIS)</a>]"@en ;
  skos:exactMatch <https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D040362.html> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/semantic_reference_systems>
  skos:prefLabel "semantic reference systems"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatial_decision_support_systems>
  skos:prefLabel "spatial decision support systems"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geospatial_semantic_web>
  skos:prefLabel "geospatial semantic web"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_transportation>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS in transportation"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/overlay>
  skos:prefLabel "overlay"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/measurement,_data_sources_and_coding,_and_research_methods>
  skos:prefLabel "measurement, data sources and coding, and research methods"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:narrower <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/data_format_conversion>
  skos:prefLabel "data format conversion"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/web_service_architectures_for_GIS>
  skos:prefLabel "web service architectures for GIS"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/public_participation_GIS>
  skos:prefLabel "public participation GIS"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/network_analysis>
  skos:prefLabel "network analysis"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_land_use_management>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS in land use management"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/topological_relationships>
  skos:prefLabel "topological relationships"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/neogeography>
  skos:prefLabel "neogeography"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/tactics>
  skos:prefLabel "tactics"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:narrower <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/social_informatics>
  skos:prefLabel "social informatics"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/client-server_architecture>
  skos:prefLabel "client-server architecture"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/semantic_interoperability>
  skos:prefLabel "semantic interoperability"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_health_research_and_health_care>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS in health research and health care"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/vectorization>
  skos:prefLabel "vectorization"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/critical_GIS>
  skos:prefLabel "critical GIS"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/distributed_computing>
  skos:prefLabel "distributed computing"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/vagueness_in_spatial_data>
  skos:prefLabel "vagueness in spatial data"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/temporal_resolution>
  skos:prefLabel "temporal resolution"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/location-based_services>
  skos:prefLabel "location-based services"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_science>
  skos:prefLabel "geographic information science"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:narrower <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/terrain_analysis>
  skos:prefLabel "terrain analysis"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/operations_and_decision_making>
  skos:prefLabel "operations and decision making"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:narrower <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatialization>
  skos:prefLabel "spatialization"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/temporal_GIS>
  skos:prefLabel "temporal GIS"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/three-dimensional_data_models>
  skos:prefLabel "three-dimensional data models"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/scale_in_GIS>
  skos:prefLabel "scale in GIS"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/computational_models_of_space>
  skos:prefLabel "computational models of space"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/automated_geography>
  skos:prefLabel "automated geography"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatial_data_structures>
  skos:prefLabel "spatial data structures"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/neural_computing>
  skos:prefLabel "neural computing"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/spatial_data_integration>
  skos:prefLabel "spatial data integration"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_in_environmental_management>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS in environmental management"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/humanistic_GIScience>
  skos:prefLabel "humanistic GIScience"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/viewshed_analysis>
  skos:prefLabel "viewshed analysis"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/exploratory_spatial_data_analysis>
  skos:prefLabel "exploratory spatial data analysis"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/data_querying_in_GIS>
  skos:prefLabel "data querying in GIS"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIScience>
  skos:prefLabel "GIScience"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/dynamic_and_interactive_displays>
  skos:prefLabel "dynamic and interactive displays"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/GIS_design>
  skos:prefLabel "GIS design"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/multicriteria_analysis>
  skos:prefLabel "multicriteria analysis"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/linear_referencing_and_dynamic_segmentation>
  skos:prefLabel "linear referencing and dynamic segmentation"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .

<https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/legal_aspects_of_geospatial_information>
  skos:prefLabel "legal aspects of geospatial information"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader <https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/geographic_information_systems> .