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Arnold Joseph Toynbee  

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  • Considered one of the most influential historians of the 20th century,Arnold J. Toynbee and his interpretations of the world's civilizations have become standard reading for generations of students and scholars alike. Like Oswald Spengler before him, Toynbee wrote about human history as a series of civilizations, separated not by national characteristics, but by culture and religion. [Source: Encyclopedia of Anthropology; Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1889–1975)]

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https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/Arnold_Joseph_Toynbee

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