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Preferred term

charity/friendly societies  

Definition

  • During the 19th and early 20th centuries, ordinary Americans erected formidable networks of individual and collective self-help for protection. These social welfare systems fell into two broad categories: hierarchical relief and reciprocal relief. [Source: The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism; Charity/Friendly Societies]

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https://concepts.sagepub.com/social-science/concept/charity_friendly_societies

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